Lithium-ion batteries power many of our everyday devices. From smartphones and laptops to electric vehicles and power tools, lithium batteries provide the portable energy to keep our modern lives running. But like any other technology, lithium batteries can be sensitive. In particular, extreme temperatures can damage lithium-ion batteries and reduce performance.
So what temperature is actually bad for lithium batteries? What happens when a lithium battery gets too hot or cold? And what can we do to keep our devices charged up and running, even in temperature extremes? As a professional lithium battery packs manufacturer, I’ll cover all this and more in this complete guide to lithium battery temperature.
How Temperature Impacts Lithium Battery Performance
To understand what temperature range is bad for lithium batteries, we first need to explore what’s actually going on inside these high-tech power sources. Inside every lithium-ion battery, positively charged lithium ions move between two electrodes, the anode and cathode. This flow of lithium ions generates electricity to power our devices.
This process relies on sensitive chemical reactions occurring within the battery’s electrolyte gel. And temperature directly impacts the speed and efficiency of these chemical reactions.1 Specifically:
- At lower temperatures, the electrolyte thickens, slowing ion flow and reducing power output. Many lithium batteries cut off charging below 0°C / 32°F to prevent damage.2
- At high temperatures, chemical reactions speed up, accelerating battery aging and shortening overall lifespan. Above approximately 60°C / 140°F , overheating can trigger thermal runaway.3
While lithium batteries contain failsafe measures to prevent catastrophe, extreme temperatures stress batteries towards failure, reducing both battery lifespan and device runtime between charges.
Recommended Temperature Range for Lithium Batteries
Most lithium battery manufacturers recommend keeping batteries within the following ambient temperature range for optimal performance and longevity:4
Discharging: −20°C to 60°C / −4°F to 140°F
Charging: 0°C to 45°C / 32°F to 113°F
Storage: 15°C to 35°C / 59°F to 95°F
As a rule of thumb, lithium batteries operate best around room temperature, 20–25°C / 68–77°F. Colder temperatures reduce capacity and may prevent charging altogether. Hotter temperatures accelerate wear and can eventually trigger thermal runaway.
Signs of Lithium Battery Temperature Extremes
How can you tell if your lithium-powered device is getting too hot or cold? Watch for these warning signs:
Cold Battery Warning Signs
- Reduced runtime and early power cut-off
- Device failing to power on in cold weather
- Delayed charging or failure to charge in cold conditions
Hot Battery Warning Signs
- Battery feeling hot to the touch
- Swollen or deformed battery case
- Device randomly shutting down while in use
- Reduced battery lifespan over time
Keeping Lithium Batteries Within Safe Temperature Range
To maximize lithium battery performance and longevity, focus on keeping your device’s battery within the safe operating temperature range as much as possible. Here are some tips:
Protect Batteries from Temperature Extremes
Avoid leaving lithium-powered devices in very hot or cold environments like cars or freezers. The device case and battery insulation provide some protection, but may not prevent damage from extreme or prolonged heat and cold.
Bring Spares When Heading Outdoors
Heading out skiing or to the beach? Carry backup charged batteries and swap them out as soon as performance drops or charging issues arise due to cold or heat. This ensures you stay powered up.
Choose Devices With Thermal Regulation
When shopping for a new lithium-powered device, research how well that specific model regulates battery temperature during charging and discharging. Premium laptops and electric vehicles often emphasize battery thermal management.
Use Battery Cases and Packs
For smaller devices like smartphones, battery cases and charging packs provide extra insulation, keeping batteries closer to ideal temperatures. This comes in handy when spending long periods outdoors.
By making lithium battery temperature regulation a priority, we can maximize their performance, lifespan and safety. Protecting batteries from extreme ambient heat and cold goes a long way towards avoiding premature failure.
With smart usage habits and the right gear, our devices can keep running smoothly even when adventuring in extreme environments. And by taking good care of lithium batteries, they’ll take good care of us when we need them most.
